First, recall the formula for the dot product of two vectors u u u and v v v : u ⋅ v = ∣ ∣ u ∣ ∣ ⋅ ∣ ∣ v ∣ ∣ ⋅ cos θ u \cdot v = ||u|| \cdot ||v|| \cdot \cos{\theta} u ⋅ v = ∣∣ u ∣∣ ⋅ ∣∣ v ∣∣ ⋅ cos θ , where θ \theta θ is the angle between the two vectors. Thus, we can find the angle θ \theta θ using: cos θ = u ⋅ v ∣ ∣ u ∣ ∣ ⋅ ∣ ∣ v ∣ ∣ \cos{\theta} = \frac{u \cdot v}{||u|| \cdot ||v||} cos θ = ∣∣ u ∣∣ ⋅ ∣∣ v ∣∣ u ⋅ v θ = arccos u ⋅ v ∣ ∣ u ∣ ∣ ⋅ ∣ ∣ v ∣ ∣ \theta = \arccos{\frac{u \cdot v}{||u|| \cdot ||v||}} θ = arccos ∣∣ u ∣∣ ⋅ ∣∣ v ∣∣ u ⋅ v
(1) Angle between a and b:
a ⋅ b = ( 3 / 3 ) ( 1 ) + ( 3 / 3 ) ( − 1 ) + ( 3 / 3 ) ( 0 ) = 3 / 3 − 3 / 3 + 0 = 0 a \cdot b = (\sqrt{3}/3)(1) + (\sqrt{3}/3)(-1) + (\sqrt{3}/3)(0) = \sqrt{3}/3 - \sqrt{3}/3 + 0 = 0 a ⋅ b = ( 3 /3 ) ( 1 ) + ( 3 /3 ) ( − 1 ) + ( 3 /3 ) ( 0 ) = 3 /3 − 3 /3 + 0 = 0 ∣ ∣ a ∣ ∣ = ( 3 / 3 ) 2 + ( 3 / 3 ) 2 + ( 3 / 3 ) 2 = 3 / 9 + 3 / 9 + 3 / 9 = 9 / 9 = 1 ||a|| = \sqrt{(\sqrt{3}/3)^2 + (\sqrt{3}/3)^2 + (\sqrt{3}/3)^2} = \sqrt{3/9 + 3/9 + 3/9} = \sqrt{9/9} = 1 ∣∣ a ∣∣ = ( 3 /3 ) 2 + ( 3 /3 ) 2 + ( 3 /3 ) 2 = 3/9 + 3/9 + 3/9 = 9/9 = 1 ∣ ∣ b ∣ ∣ = 1 2 + ( − 1 ) 2 + 0 2 = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2 ||b|| = \sqrt{1^2 + (-1)^2 + 0^2} = \sqrt{1 + 1 + 0} = \sqrt{2} ∣∣ b ∣∣ = 1 2 + ( − 1 ) 2 + 0 2 = 1 + 1 + 0 = 2 cos θ a b = 0 1 ⋅ 2 = 0 \cos{\theta_{ab}} = \frac{0}{1 \cdot \sqrt{2}} = 0 cos θ ab = 1 ⋅ 2 0 = 0 θ a b = arccos 0 = π 2 \theta_{ab} = \arccos{0} = \frac{\pi}{2} θ ab = arccos 0 = 2 π
(2) Angle between a and c:
a ⋅ c = ( 3 / 3 ) ( − 2 ) + ( 3 / 3 ) ( − 2 ) + ( 3 / 3 ) ( 1 ) = − 2 3 / 3 − 2 3 / 3 + 3 / 3 = − 3 3 / 3 = − 3 a \cdot c = (\sqrt{3}/3)(-2) + (\sqrt{3}/3)(-2) + (\sqrt{3}/3)(1) = -2\sqrt{3}/3 - 2\sqrt{3}/3 + \sqrt{3}/3 = -3\sqrt{3}/3 = -\sqrt{3} a ⋅ c = ( 3 /3 ) ( − 2 ) + ( 3 /3 ) ( − 2 ) + ( 3 /3 ) ( 1 ) = − 2 3 /3 − 2 3 /3 + 3 /3 = − 3 3 /3 = − 3 ∣ ∣ a ∣ ∣ = 1 ||a|| = 1 ∣∣ a ∣∣ = 1 (calculated above) ∣ ∣ c ∣ ∣ = ( − 2 ) 2 + ( − 2 ) 2 + 1 2 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9 = 3 ||c|| = \sqrt{(-2)^2 + (-2)^2 + 1^2} = \sqrt{4 + 4 + 1} = \sqrt{9} = 3 ∣∣ c ∣∣ = ( − 2 ) 2 + ( − 2 ) 2 + 1 2 = 4 + 4 + 1 = 9 = 3 cos θ a c = − 3 1 ⋅ 3 = − 3 3 \cos{\theta_{ac}} = \frac{-\sqrt{3}}{1 \cdot 3} = -\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3} cos θ a c = 1 ⋅ 3 − 3 = − 3 3 θ a c = arccos ( − 3 3 ) ≈ 2.22 \theta_{ac} = \arccos{(-\frac{\sqrt{3}}{3})} \approx 2.22 θ a c = arccos ( − 3 3 ) ≈ 2.22 radians, or 127.35 127.35 127.35 degrees. We can also write this as arccos ( − 1 3 ) \arccos{(-\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}})} arccos ( − 3 1 ) .
(3) Angle between b and c:
b ⋅ c = ( 1 ) ( − 2 ) + ( − 1 ) ( − 2 ) + ( 0 ) ( 1 ) = − 2 + 2 + 0 = 0 b \cdot c = (1)(-2) + (-1)(-2) + (0)(1) = -2 + 2 + 0 = 0 b ⋅ c = ( 1 ) ( − 2 ) + ( − 1 ) ( − 2 ) + ( 0 ) ( 1 ) = − 2 + 2 + 0 = 0 ∣ ∣ b ∣ ∣ = 2 ||b|| = \sqrt{2} ∣∣ b ∣∣ = 2 (calculated above) ∣ ∣ c ∣ ∣ = 3 ||c|| = 3 ∣∣ c ∣∣ = 3 (calculated above) cos θ b c = 0 2 ⋅ 3 = 0 \cos{\theta_{bc}} = \frac{0}{\sqrt{2} \cdot 3} = 0 cos θ b c = 2 ⋅ 3 0 = 0 θ b c = arccos 0 = π 2 \theta_{bc} = \arccos{0} = \frac{\pi}{2} θ b c = arccos 0 = 2 π